浪浪小妖怪 “Nobody”

 

kith and kin moore

 

The Hundred Years War by Sumption, Jonathan

The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)

Ashes 2025

 

The Great Outdoor Fight

 https://achewood.com/2006/01/25/title.html

Moby Dick

 

Console Variations

The Ultimate Console Database

https://consolevariations.com/

Raglan sleeve coat guide

 https://www.mrporter.com/en-gb/journal/fashion/derek-guy-overcoat-guide-25376568

Hanumankind - Run It Up

Who - Byrne

 

Hawke's Australia Jacket

 

Steam Machine

 

Price Charting

 https://www.pricecharting.com/

Wat Tyler

Childhood's end by Clarke, Arthur C

Morrowind Soundtrack just because

 

Roman Road Project

 https://itiner-e.org/

Tuor at Vinyamer

 

Solar Textures

https://www.solarsystemscope.com/textures/
These textures represent real planetary maps in equirectangular projection. You can use them in 3D rendering, or just open them in any image viewer and explore the surface of planets :)

EU5 day!

 

NASA Scientific Visualization

 https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Old English Poetry Project

https://web.archive.org/web/20141021074825/http://oepoetryproject.org/






a collaborative space for reading, commenting on, crafting, and refining translations of the oldest poetry written in the English language (from circa 650 to 1100 C.E.).

There are over 35,000 lines in this remarkable corpus of surviving texts, and our ambition is to provide base translations of every single line (eventually). This archive offers immeasurable linguistic and literary riches for anyone who reads English either as a native language or an acquired one.


Our hope is that this site will allow these ancient poems new and continued lives in a digital format that engages and links multiple audiences, building an online community of scholars, readers, and poets. Our idea is to challenge users to remake these old songs into new ones, into poems with one foot in the contemporary age and another in the early middle ages. In this we’ve been inspired by contemporary poets like Paul Muldoon, Seamus Heaney, and Penelope Pelizzon, as well as poets in the modernist tradition and beyond like W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Ezra Pound, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and others. We don’t reject careful prosaic translation, but we do embrace poetic realizations that transport or connect the Old English texts into other times and cultural frames. See our translation manifestos.

The project leaders (Bob Hasenfratz and Miller Oberman) invite users, both scholars and poets, to submit alternate versions of entire poems, parts of poems, or individual lines (especially in the comments). Please email us if you’d like to offer a translation in English or any other language.

an open source plugin for WordPress created by the Institute for the Future of the Book, lies at the heart of the project: it allows users to leave comments on individual words and lines, sections, and entire poems, to critique the choices we’ve made and to offer alternative translations.

The layout and functionality of the Old English Poetry Project are evolving and we welcome suggestions for improving the interface and what it does.

Bob and Miller





Maxims II (in London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius B.i)
bobhasenfratz@gmail.com

Monday, October 6th, 2014

¶ 1A king must hold a realm. Cities are seen from afar,Leave a comment on line 10

¶ 2those that endure on this earth, ingenious work of giants,Leave a comment on line 20

¶ 3marvelous work of wallstones. Wind in the air is fastest,Leave a comment on line 30

¶ 4thunder sometimes is loudest. The glories of Christ are great,Leave a comment on line 40

¶ 5(His) fate is the strongest. Winter is the coldest, 5Leave a comment on line 50

¶ 6spring the frostiest (it is cold for the longest time),Leave a comment on line 60

¶ 7summer, the sunniest (the sky is the hottest),Leave a comment on line 70

¶ 8autumn, the most awesome: it offers to menLeave a comment on line 80

¶ 9the year’s produce, which God puts aside for them.Leave a comment on line 90

¶ 10Truth is the clearest; treasure, the most precious, 10Leave a comment on line 100

¶ 11–gold to every man–and the old one, the wisest,Leave a comment on line 110

¶ 12astute, in ancient-years, he who before has experienced so much.Leave a comment on line 120

¶ 13Wax clings wondrously. Clouds scud.Leave a comment on line 130

¶ 14Good company must encourageLeave a comment on line 140

¶ 15a young atheling for the attack, and for ring-giving. 15Leave a comment on line 150

¶ 16A earl must be audacious; the edge (must) awaitLeave a comment on line 160

¶ 17battle along with the helmet. A hawk must remainLeave a comment on line 170

¶ 18wild on the glove. A wolf must be in the woods,Leave a comment on line 180

¶ 19a lonely exile. A boar must (be) in the forest,Leave a comment on line 190

¶ 20tough in its tusk-power. A good man must 20Leave a comment on line 200

¶ 21build a house in his homeland. A spear must be in hand,Leave a comment on line 210

¶ 22a dagger geared with gold. A gem must be on a ring,Leave a comment on line 220

¶ 23standing high and wide. Among the waves, a streamLeave a comment on line 230

¶ 24must mix the sea-flood. A mast belongs on a ship,Leave a comment on line 240

¶ 25a sail-yard swinging from it. A sword must rest in the lap, 25Leave a comment on line 250

¶ 26lordly iron. A dragon must be in a den,Leave a comment on line 260

¶ 27ancient, proud in its possessions. Fish must be in the water,Leave a comment on line 270

¶ 28breeding a brood. A king must be in the hall,Leave a comment on line 280

¶ 29bestowing rings. A bear belongs on the heath,Leave a comment on line 290

¶ 30old and awe-inspiring. A river from the hills 30Leave a comment on line 300

¶ 31must flow flood-gray. An army must be united,Leave a comment on line 310

¶ 32a troop of triumph-tough men. Honor must be in an earl;Leave a comment on line 320

¶ 33morals, in a man. In this world, the woods mustLeave a comment on line 330

¶ 34bloom with blossoms. An embankment must standLeave a comment on line 340

¶ 35green on earth. God must be in heaven, 35Leave a comment on line 350

¶ 36judger of deeds. A door is necessary for a hall,Leave a comment on line 360

¶ 37the wide mouth of the building. A rim belongs on a shield,Leave a comment on line 370

¶ 38firm protector of fingers. A bird must boundLeave a comment on line 380

¶ 39upwards in the sky. A salmon must glide,Leave a comment on line 390

¶ 40darting through an eddy. A shower in the sky 40Leave a comment on line 400

¶ 41must mix with wind to come into this world.Leave a comment on line 410

¶ 42A thief must skulk under dark clouds. A demon must live in a fen,Leave a comment on line 420

¶ 43alone on the land. A lady must with secret cunning,Leave a comment on line 430

¶ 44a woman, look for a lover if she does not wish to be theLeave a comment on line 440

property of a people,[1]Leave a comment on line 440

¶ 45that a man would acquire her with rings. The briny deepLeave a comment on line 450

must surge with salt, 45Leave a comment on line 450

¶ 46its mist-cover and water-rush, forest-streams must flowLeave a comment on line 460

¶ 47around each and every country. Cattle must exist on the earth,Leave a comment on line 470

¶ 48mating and multiplying. A star must be in the heavens,Leave a comment on line 480

¶ 49brightly shining, as the Measurer bid it to do.Leave a comment on line 490

¶ 50God must be against evil; youth, against age, 50Leave a comment on line 500

¶ 51life must be against death; light must be against dark,Leave a comment on line 510

¶ 52army against army, an enemy against the others;Leave a comment on line 520

¶ 53loathed against the loathed must fight for land,Leave a comment on line 530

¶ 54create a crime. A wise man must always considerLeave a comment on line 540

¶ 55the conflict in this world; the criminal must be hanged, 55Leave a comment on line 550

¶ 56fairly repaid for the felonies he committed beforeLeave a comment on line 560

¶ 57against mankind. The Measurer alone knowsLeave a comment on line 570

¶ 58where his soul afterwards will sojournLeave a comment on line 580

¶ 59as well as all the spirits who step before GodLeave a comment on line 590

¶ 60after their death-day, awaiting their doom, 60Leave a comment on line 600

¶ 61in the embrace of the Father. The future isLeave a comment on line 610

¶ 62dark and deep. Only the Judge knows it,Leave a comment on line 620

¶ 63the Father-Emancipator. No one will ever come backLeave a comment on line 630

¶ 64here under our roofs who could report to menLeave a comment on line 640

¶ 65here for sure what the Savior’s decree might be, 65Leave a comment on line 650

¶ 66the (final) home of the victory-folk, where He himself lives.Leave a comment on line 660

¶ 67[1] Lit., “if she does not wish to be prosperous/profitable to a people.”

Rome

 

The Ruin

These wall-stones are wondrous —
calamities crumpled them, these city-sites crashed, the work of giants
corrupted. The roofs have rushed to earth, towers in ruins.
Ice at the joints has unroofed the barred-gates, sheared
the scarred storm-walls have disappeared—
the years have gnawed them from beneath. A grave-grip holds
the master-crafters, decrepit and departed, in the ground’s harsh
grasp, until one hundred generations of human-nations have
trod past. Subsequently this wall, lichen-grey and rust-stained,
often experiencing one kingdom after another,
standing still under storms, high and wide—
it failed—

The wine-halls moulder still, hewn as if by weapons,
penetrated [XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX] savagely pulverized [XXXXXXXXXXXXXX] [XXXX] shined [XXXXXXXXXX] [XXXX] adroit ancient edifice [XXXXX] [XXXXXXX] bowed with crusted-mud —

The strong-purposed mind was urged to a keen-minded desire
in concentric circles; the stout-hearted bound
wall-roots wondrously together with wire. The halls of the city
once were bright: there were many bath-houses,
a lofty treasury of peaked roofs, many troop-roads, many mead-halls
filled with human-joys until that terrible chance changed all that.

Days of misfortune arrived—blows fell broadly—
death seized all those sword-stout men—their idol-fanes were laid waste —
the city-steads perished. Their maintaining multitudes fell to the earth.
For that the houses of red vaulting have drearied and shed their tiles,
these roofs of ringed wood. This place has sunk into ruin, been broken
into heaps,

There once many men, glad-minded and gold-bright,
adorned in gleaming, proud and wine-flushed, shone in war-tackle;
There one could look upon treasure, upon silver, upon ornate jewelry,
upon prosperity, upon possession, upon precious stones,
upon the illustrious city of the broad realm.

Stone houses standing here, where a hot stream was cast
in a wide welling; a wall enfolding everything in its bright bosom,
where there were baths, heated at its heart. That was convenient,
when they let pour forth [XXXXXXXXX] over the hoary stones
countless heated streams [XXXXXXXXXXX] until the ringed pool
hot [XXXXXXXXXXXXXX] where there were baths
Then is [XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX]. That is a kingly thing—
a house [XXXXX],

a city

Learning by Dying: Combat Performance in the Age of Sail

Learning by Dying: Combat Performance

in the Age of Sail

Daniel K. Benjamin and Anca Tifrea

Between 1660 and 1815 the combat fatality rate among British navy captains

fell by 98 percent, even as the combat success of the British Navy rose dra-

matically. Both developments can be explained as a result of learning by do-

ing among British commanders. This learning was importantly driven by th

extensive wartime experience accumulated over this period, combined wi

the unparalleled financial incentives for combat success offered to Briti

commanders.

1650 and 1680 there was a revolution in naval warfare. The

great battle fleets that were to dominate the age of sail were cre-

ated; state navies replaced armed merchantmen with highly specialized

warships; the line of battle was introduced; and the broadside became

the dominant method of dispensing firepower. These development

were the product of a rapid maturation of the state as an organization o

taxation and control, and led to state monopolization of force at sea

They also yielded a struggle at sea sufficiently intense and protracted t

be labeled the "Second Hundred Years War."1 Despite massive naval

investment by the French and Dutch in the late seventeenth century, an

by the Spanish and French after 1 720, Britain ultimately established it

self as the undisputed ruler of the world's oceans - a position it main-

tained into the twentieth century.

The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 2007). © The Economic

History Association. All rights reserved. ISSN 0022-0507.

Daniel K. Benjamin is Alumni Distinguished Professor, Department of Economics, Clemson

University, Clemson, SC 29634-1309; and Senior Fellow, PERC, 2048 Analysis Drive, Boze

man, MT 59715. E-mail: wahoo@clemson.edu. Anca Tifrea is Senior Associate, KPMG

LLP, 303 Peachtree St., Atlanta, GA 30308. E-mail: atifrea@kpmg.com.

Financial support from the Earhart Foundation and from the Spiro Center of Clemson Univer-

sity is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Jan Glete for providing us with unpublished data

Roger Knight for many helpful discussions, and N. A. M. Rodger for his criticisms of an earlie

draft. None is responsible for what follows. William R. Dougan, James Foreman-Peck, David

Haddock, P. J. Hill, Philip Hoffman, Patrick Minford, two anonymous referees, and semina

participants at Clemson University, Cardiff University, and the London School of Economic

also provided useful comments. Tom Evans, Paul Seufert, and Ruthira Naraidoo performed ad

mirably as research assistants. Part of this research was conducted while Benjamin was a visit-

ing professor at Cardiff University, Wales and an Honorary Caird Research Fellow at the Na

tional Maritime Museum, Greenwich; the research support of both institutions is gratefully

acknowledged, as is the encouragement and assistance of Patrick Minford of Cardiff University,

Nigel Rigby and Janet Norton of the National Maritime Museum, and Sarah Palmer of Green

wich University.

See, for instance, Lavery, Ship and Line; Glete, Navies; Palmer, "'Military Revolution'" ;

Tunstall, Naval Warfare; and Rodger, Command

968

Learning by Dying 969

The narrative history of this struggle has been well do

ably told by naval historians.2 Our intent is to supplement

in three ways. First, the existing historical narratives are

nature; we seek to quantify the process by which Britain

of the ocean. Second, we hope to show that despite Br

(such as those suffered during the War of American Ind

origins of the process that culminated in victory over Na

can be traced to the First Dutch War 150 years before

tantly, we show that Britain's ultimate dominance at sea w

nation of a long process of learning, one in which both e

incentives played crucial roles.

We do not seek to rewrite British naval history. Nothin

denies the importance of the geographical, political, and f

that long have been central to the histories of this period

shall make clear, many of the familiar themes, including

status and the backdrop of continental land wars, are ess

story. We focus on the mechanism by which these large

fested themselves in the outcomes of warfare at sea, and

fairly precise terms the fundamental continuity of the under

The hallmark of the sea battles fought in the decades a

widespread carnage. Comprehensive casualty counts ar

available, but casualties among commanding officers in t

were reliably recorded, and they speak unequivocally.

gagement, the Four Days' Battle in June 1666, 10 Roy

captains died in combat; this was nearly 8 percent of all

captains afloat at the time.3 During the two wars with th

1660s and 1670s, more than 60 English post-captains wer

tion, a time when there were an average of but 114 rated

English navy. Published battle narratives plus the limited

available in published sources suggest that the butche

quarterdeck had its counterpart between decks 4

There are many reasons for the high casualty rates of th

cluding the close quarters of the North Sea and the Engl

2 James, Naval History; Mahan, Sea Power; Clowes, Royal Navy; Creswell,

Glete, Navies; Lavery, Nelson 's Navy and Nelson and the Nile; Lewis, Nav

History; Palmer, '"Military Revolution'" and "'Soul's Right Hand'"; and

World and Command.

To oversimplify: Post-captains commanded "rated" or "post" ships - those

the period, were officially armed with 20 guns or more. The commander of

sel commonly was addressed as "captain," but his official title was "master

We generally use "English" for the period before the 1 707 legislative uni

England, and "British" for the period after 1 707, but we also use "British" a

tor when little harm is done by the imprecision.

4 See, for example, Clowes, Royal Navy; Tunstall, Naval Warfare; and Rodge

970 Benjamin and Tifrea

where the key battles took place, and the fact that the Englis

were eager to stand and fight. We argue that one other fac

work. Between 1650 and 1680, firepower became concentrat

before, and delivered by ships built to administer and with

punishment than ever before. Commanders erred often in

this firepower and avoiding its adverse consequences, m

proved fatal for them and their crews. The result was hi

rates. As tactics were learned and improved, fewer mistake

and casualties declined. Among British captains, who are th

our study, much of the learning took place rapidly, but it co

into the eighteenth century. By the Great Wars of 1793-181

ships were at least twice as powerful as their predecessors o

before, combat at sea was far less deadly for British captain

learned how to win - or lose - without killing nearly as man

selves or their men.

The learning that reduced fatality rates among captains is

in the combat success of the Royal Navy. Over the 150 year

by our study, the British navy markedly increased the losses

on enemy fleets, relative to the combat losses it suffered. A

the performance of the navy's command structure improved

idly in the first half of our sample, improvement continued

the period we study. The culminating triumph of the Napole

thus traceable in the data back to the initial engagements o

Anglo-Dutch war, more than 150 years before.

We focus on the British navy for two reasons. First, syst

on battle outcomes during this period are of higher quality for

other navies - perhaps because Britain succeeded, and thus m

recorded its activities. Second, by 1815 no one doubted Brit

nance at sea, yet in 1650 no one could have predicted that o

quantifying the process by which Britain prevailed we also s

tors we believe should be given more weight in discussions

riod. Specifically, we argue that the ability of British captain

form experience into success stemmed from two key facts: t

and men of the British navy had far more opportunity than ene

to develop their combat skills, and they were given unparal

cial incentives to succeed. This combination of opportunity

thus helped fuel the Royal Navy's rise to greatness.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The execution of King Charles on 30 January 1649 marked the c

mination of the English Revolution and presaged the dawn of a new

Learning by Dying 97 1