Sunday, December 25, 2016
Saturday, December 24, 2016
Friday, December 23, 2016
The Hippopotamus
Similiter et omnes revereantur Diaconos, ut mandatum Jesu Christi; et Episcopum, ut Jesum Christum, existentem filium Patris; Presbyteros autem, ut concilium Dei et conjunctionem Apostolorum. Sine his Ecclesia non vocatur; de quibus suadeo vos sic habeo.
S. Ignatii Ad Trallianos.
And when this epistle is read among you, cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans.
THE BROAD-BACKED hippopotamus
Rests on his belly in the mud;
Although he seems so firm to us
He is merely flesh and blood.
Flesh and blood is weak and frail,
Susceptible to nervous shock;
While the True Church can never fail
For it is based upon a rock.
The hippo’s feeble steps may err
In compassing material ends,
While the True Church need never stir
To gather in its dividends.
The ’potamus can never reach
The mango on the mango-tree;
But fruits of pomegranate and peach
Refresh the Church from over sea.
At mating time the hippo’s voice
Betrays inflexions hoarse and odd,
But every week we hear rejoice
The Church, at being one with God.
The hippopotamus’s day
Is passed in sleep; at night he hunts;
God works in a mysterious way—
The Church can sleep and feed at once.
I saw the ’potamus take wing
Ascending from the damp savannas,
And quiring angels round him sing
The praise of God, in loud hosannas.
Blood of the Lamb shall wash him clean
And him shall heavenly arms enfold,
Among the saints he shall be seen
Performing on a harp of gold.
He shall be washed as white as snow,
By all the martyr’d virgins kist,
While the True Church remains below
Wrapt in the old miasmal mist.
T.S Eliot
Thursday, December 22, 2016
Wednesday, December 21, 2016
Tuesday, December 20, 2016
The World's Longest Palindrome
http://norvig.com/palindrome.html
A man, a plan, a caretaker, a moksha, Lufkin, a jacinth, Gile, Daniell, Ivanov, an odor, a negativeness, a tsarevna, melanomas, an ire, Gib, Olga, Lata Narayanan, a meld, an elecampane, an evonymus, an anatase, Rachael, an anabasis, an anaesthetics, an anamniote, an ani, DRE, Fredra, Cal, Parette, Serang, Isaacs, a ramark, IHD, a nonacademic, an obstet, Sellers, Sanalda, Erbe, Eba, an ane, Zaneski, Red, Erfurt, Sinai, Sale, Gene Roddenberry, a nonactive, Cenaean, Namangan, a mell, Everes, a nonanimal, a sanitarian, a non-American, Gat, Noman, an arista, Lattimer, a nonemendation, Eberta, Poe, LCT, an anaerobe, Ranita, Marella, an antired, ipsissima verba, a nan, a manille, Tiv, a nonet, an one, Kenney, a caret, Alon, Omar Epps, an analemma, an enami, Barents, Regen, A. H. Taub, a self, Farant, Caresse, RdAc, a nil, a nonrevocation, a melanite, Ranite, Canarese, NEbE, an allanite, Caressa, an all, IJssel, DNA, Carolee Carmello, Sara, Pareto, Oran, a mel, Dissenter, Cesare, Tema, an alt, Evslin, an alienist, anabases, a torpedoman, a meta, Garett, a csk, Cabaeus, an aloneness, Emelita, an alerion, Eleni, a cong, Ilan Adler, a keratoderma, an alg, Roe, generalities, a nonrateability, a hellebore, an anatta, Ranitta, petits, a baresark, unities, an iman, a non-Indian, a non-Israelite, Delano, Ita, Ranit, Ame, a hanaper, Tanah, an alarum, an alpha, Lacedaemonian, a tab, Cenac, an alette, Levona, an airbrasive, Lody, Nnadia Chan, a naira, an airstream, Macedon, an anatexis, an aileron, a nail, arts, UART, San, a nong, a morceau, dice, Delavan, a mete, Parent, Artemas, Esau, an ora, Hsingan, Amero, FAD, Naman, Amery, Bareilly, Hwang, Inanna, an aider, Acre, Vona, an ait, an aisle, a decare, billies, Banares, ARE, Nanakuli, codette, Lemon, a nonmember, a jaconet, an aigrette, Sang, Tanagra, Genet, a portal, an ore, Pip, a non-Uralian, Bohaty, a parent, Sikang, Amorette, Locrian, Cameron, Anna, Carole, Delaware, Temenus, an iterativeness, Enos, an aim, a danaite, Ahrens, Enarete, Mona, Marelda, an ataractic, a noise, lanais, anatexes, a noisette, Long, APS, Enalus, Omari, a natl, Usanis, an attestator, Gean, an oiliness, an oilskin, Numanus, Ari, Hellene, RCAF, a caresser, Pare, Tem, a torsel, a nat, a kokanee, LaSorella, Gipsies, Irby, an aperient, Mareld, an enallage, a decalcomania, an argali, an arbalester, an imagnableness, an arith, a nonsensitiveness, Anam, Kramer, a caress, a parens, Asel, Ujiji, Emelina, PMA, Carena, ELAS, an it's, Estella, Marela, Edana, Melba, Tsana, Mel, Bonar, a nidana, Meri, Fareham, an arum, a receivable, Gene Geter, a grammarian, Alanah, Ana, Hsian, a lenity, an aug, an oil, a decane, an arrest, Ibanez, an acosmist, an absorptance, a noisemaker, a metall, a gasser, an acuteness, Ender, an ossa, Maria, Teria, an acetal, a manilla, Marie, Benilda, Erb, a no-side, an amah, Drava, Lat, Ragan, Amer, O'Fallon, an amasser, Tai, Tini, Nanak, a nine, Leninabad, an enargite, Gilles, a benignancy, Lanam, an ami, Vanessa, LCI, Kikelia, Delamare, Terr, Efahan, a visitor, a nies, a nit, OFris, an amenorrhea, Laramie, Lipsey, an augend, Averell, a carelessness, oogoninia, Lad, a nose, Majel Barrett, an amen, AHSA, Lari, Oka, Hsi, Namara, an enate, Caren, a career, Gena, Jenna von Oy, a material, Lebanon, an abaca, an abalone, an abaser, a nebris, a benison, Aug, an osnaburg, a nosh, Tim, Selle, Baram, an aba, Hellen, a decal, a paretta, Marelya, Teri Polo, a predicate, leva, Warenne, R. Bayer, Fred Astaire, an abr, Unit, a legatee, RFA, Nananne, Kenner, Rawley, a greensand, Ronald, Barea, Benildas, an abb, inamoratas, an abuser, an illegalisation, a mess, a heller, a decapitation, a hello, Helles, Ignatia, Hsia-men, a hcl, a north, Gilda, Edan, a mesa, Barotse, Hts, an ill, a green, OPA, Ewan, a menu, Bret, epithalami, an adder, a nos, an ordainer, an adagio, Marion, a menses, a tsi, Perelman, a taker-in, Ume, Arp, an ord, a ceder, ACS, an oracy, Aneto, O'Kelley, Na-Dene, Lassell, a caramel, a derisiveness, a cudgel, an orang, Farewell, a beek, Sella, Geneva, Dela, Derian, a men, Arcadian, a meg, Rabassa, an adenoma, Gareth, Gilbart, Sandy, a hell, a mix, Elam, a danewort, an emanation, Matsys, a gala, Mario, Marilyn, a tob, an origan, a media, Sello, Cinerama, an asonia, Rania, Redeemer, an oddness, endia, Tsan, a medullation, a colin, a mee, RFD, a raft, a tsarina, Venita, an aulos, a ferret, Edna, Rgen, Alena, Idelle, Baras, an isotach, an oceanography, an orinasal, a bander, a jar, Tepic, a carabin, ANG, a mannan, A Mei, paralipses, ATC, Enola, a goner, a caracal, a spur-rowel, an agron, an oribi, an adenine, Lger, a wet, Agana, an agromania, Lehet, an oca, EdB, USAR, an ell, a veritas, an orca, Marena, Elgan, a morale, a m/s, inamoratos, a rasse, Irene, Csel, a dep, Ohara, a ballade, Paramatman, an agr, Efren, a ramie, Wenona, tubas, an ipm, a caravaner, a decanter, a nitrogen, a morn, Onalaska, a sinapine, LAC, Sellma, Lamas, an agar, Ihab, a rani, Artamas, an aga, Nana Visitor, an agnate, Lev, Lavater, Alli, paramos, a namaste, Lanae, a paretic, an orc, an anagrammatist, Ostap, an acariasis, an enemy, Carey, a let, Al Pacino, Tananarive, Lanark, an amateur, Carew, Arde, Ranie, Torp, Ate, Maren, archenia, Lai, H.P. Korver, an apse, an apery, an anarch, an octameter, Axa, Nanook, Coralie, nonolfactories, Sinatra, parastades, Behan, a mower, Italian, Sans, an orbitale, an evener, a seller, a manatee, Lana Turner, a kerogen, a leat, a monal, Emeline, an eta, Carolle, a nap, POB, Ivar, an aesc, a nip, Opalina, Braca, an aedes, a nim, a sedateness, a metal, a paregoric, a tsardom, a reserve, Freda, Elsi, Maretta, MSAE, an eremite, CAP, Sanfo, Lenin, an enema, a nae, linemen, Arch, an omnivore, Moran, a mowrah, Carola, Janetta, barotraumata, a navelwort, a nave, Tseng, a pareira, Vane, Marat Safin, a nene, Laveran, an orb, a ferule, Carol, an enol, a mane, Jenna, Iranian, an orfe, an aviator, a navarin, a raught, ansae, a negater, a nav, a heliotaxis, a nork, an ortolan, a mow, Seko, PSAT, Angara, a sell, a carapace, Sarette, Ste, Janette, LSS, an amora, laminae, an edema, Rakel, a deg, a predepletion, Rekha, Lala, Heller, Radnor, Ace, Ilse, Lenore, cicale, a metamale, a grisette, Sumerologist, a hgt, a nyala, Arcadia, Mae, Saretta, Harelda, Syr, rabatos, a vanadinite, Cam, Rep, Sarena, Eden, alae, Saree, Tenn, Osanna, Melete, an immune, Dou, Daniel Chan, a kleagle, an afar, an ugsomeness, a cud, Rego, Renita, Lapeer, an azan, a motto, an ayah, a metamer, paras, a carapa, Lamarre, Tanaka, Anaheim, an akala, Arg, Nasser, an ennobler, a notelet, a corban, a mot, a note, Lek, Sarah, Adna, Kenna, IRO, Lenora, Anaxo, Renie, Saragat, a carer, Ansar, Anu, Calan, a mol, Kenny, Lam, Meredi, a ranee, Lavery, Trammel, Asur, E.J. McShane, entea, Hare, Tell, Ibadan, an axe, Renata, Maril, a notable, a gab, a notary, an ektene, Sra, Sara Gilbert, Saipan, a mog, Ardath, Gilli, a tanager, an aortoclasia, an ajiva, an interfacing, an anapaest, Airel, an imagist, a consecrater, Alcaeus, Sinan, a monosyllabism, a rem, Meredith, Savannah, an immortal, a kerosene, MEA, Lattie, Cedarhurst, a hwan, a mara, Tak, Nev, mks units, Uru, Alan-a-dale, a gib, an ottar, an otto, Caro, Tara, Pesaro, Taro, Ball, O'Casey, a helio, Terena, Ebert, Sada, carabaos, a motor, a craniol, an anabasine, a carangid, a no-trumper, a novelese, an ironside, Elata, a metamere, Hsia, Lananna, hsien, Nor, epitra, Maris, Omarr, an ennead, an irenics, a predestitution, a cayman, tupelos, an iris-in, an irregular, an acetate, CAB, USA, an illamon, a cir, Emarie, Harod, an illative, lenos, an ovarium, Anil Kamath, an odium, an anabas, an engager, a weka, Baron, a maniac, an ileus, Sita, a nitramine, Cinelli, Kenn, a susso, an anadem, a nitrate, Let, ALP, an ova, Delisle, a greeter, a wae, Sarad, a nitre, Blane, Marra, Yetac, an italic, Artema, RFC, a net, Norford, a gov, an ovisac, an ital, Paraebius, Anita Mui, Lisa, Venite, Menard, a bene, Lanett, a pareu, a b/l, Freddi, Bred, Nun, a nov, Elena, Anita, Carolynne, Paharis, an octan, Rebeca, Rohn, a marseille, Brogle, a sanies, a car, aparejos, Aires, a ranula, Baroda, a niton, Otina, a dor, a balun, a raser, Iaso, Jer, a paracasein, Asael, gorbellies, Raman, Horace, Bernat, Con, a sir, a ha'penny, Lora, Catina, an elevon, an underbidder, F.L. Bauer, a patten, Alene, Badr, an emetine, Vasiliu, Matina, Sui, Bear, a platina, Cas, Ivon, Avogadro, Frontenac, Frame, Traci, Latina, Cate, yarramen, Albertina, Dar, a seaware, Teer, Gael, Sile, Davon, a platelet, Artina, Medan, a naos, Susanne, Killen, Iceni, Martina, a tissue, Lina, Cain, a manor, a bakeware, Gagne, NASA, Ban, an amu, Idonah, Tama, Klina, Muir, Avon, a sone, Levit, Allina, Dor, a heir, Americano, Mallina, a subacetate, Canara, Luger, Rina, Nis, Irina, Sole, Putnam, Yacano, ITU, Tit, Seder, Pascin, Erina, DAE, NNE, Narra, Mosira, Marti, peronnei, Shannan, a lai, Shere, MatE, Maat, Aleedis, Norina, ESE, Levon, a rep, Murton, a dig, Nara, Caenis, a ban, an aloin, Arcaro, Tomaso, a bar, a cadastre, Beaner, Etoile, Hayes, a collaborator, a separator, a cotton, a ratton, Abigael, a dan, a laurustinus, K.M. Venkataraman, a what's, Ruhr, a deceit, Talaemenes, Ore, Kalat, Rom, Mina, Hanna, Vashti, Der, Emmeram, Sib, Allyson, Oman, an issue, a claret, Arce, Sno-Cat, Sig, a mina, Ler, IATSE, a pan, a nag, Nic, a fret, Nina, Avi, Jana, ais, Alcot, Roana, Regan, a taillight, a dragoman, a piastre, BLI, Gar, a sarsenet, Kenay, Raton, Abagael, Baton, a lira, Matane, Rexana, NAD, a billeter, a haet, Neenah, ScM, Jerusalem, Martyr, Evaleen, a raider, Emmalynne, Kloman, a lacunar, a snarer, a cat, a gar, a seine, Roxana, a rone, Lorianne, Kandahar, a skeleton, a toman, a brocatel, Eton, a rel, Bonne, nares, Sangraal, a kana, MIE, Hana, Akan, a terra, Mala, Para, Casar, a premate, Mahayana, Ottoman, Azana, Ree, Palatine, Roger-Ducasse, nemos, Gunar, a fana, Elga, Elkanah, Clein, a duodenum, minae, Telemann, a sonneteer, a sea-lane, Deaner, a spermaceti, Nida, Navasota, Barry Sadler, a hatter, a sea-maid, a craal, Aynat, Ghats, I-go, Lore, musettes, IrGael, a mate, Mael, a cicerone, Leslie Caron, Darrelle, halalah, kernoi, TEL, Peder, Pagedale, Karame, Denae, animala, Romanas, Sletten, a jet-setter, a sec, a para, Calle, Saar, a gnat, a spokeswoman, a lot, Ron, Akron, a six, a toile, Havana, Reta, genae, a snath, Guarani, Ravana, Rota, Ivana, Efron, an ain, Arianne, Jena Malone, Nalor, a celure, Fabron, an are, Valene, Nani, Fast, Aramen, a varier, a pagne, Stevana, Trow, Levana, a tam, UAR, Tor, a batten, a jalor, a charwoman, a romero, Vin, Monah, cranemen, Ileana, a mene, Nanine, Lofn, a space-time, Renae, a smatter, a misleader, Fevre, Seram, Odra, Staci, Roger, a palate, Massenet, a desaminase, Deana, a carbanil, a popinac, Seana, Ravi Boppana, Ellora, catenae, Nile, melanomata, Elane, Gore, Karen, Rutan, a leet, an amarelle, Sarene, venae, Lati, Bron, ASN, a snail, a tirewoman, a heb-sed, a tsar, a partan, Issei, ROT, CAF, Lon, Oneil, a rockoon, Anaxarete, Mat, Conah, Cran, an ayre, Pana, Espana, Rev, Rok, phialai, Neh, Craner, a metaprotein, a redrawer, a cruet, a manak, Ran, a lev, Iran, an atonic, a platelayer, a cymene, Nasi, Sair, a canap, a tsotsi, Tam, Mar, Gan, an acron, a citer, a paean, a let's, a manas, Omar, a pillaret, a valvelet, a n'gana, Roti, Sivan, a nagana, Sam, a train, a rab, a hiragana, Samala, Mlle, scaleni, Pan, Isaak, Sal, a non-Roman, Egor, Tinaret, Nace, Daren, a vara, Campinas, a butanone, Weimaraner, Fergana, Nam, Tamar, a pedal, labaara, Hopedale, sceneries, Sarasota, Roman, Ismael, a roman, a gleaner, a macron, a satire, Vallenar, a subdeaconate, Helaina, Morgana, an agateware, Glenine, Danai, Biron, an organa, Lew, Orr, Upsala, Cara, Care, Noga Alon, ectases, Pilar, a pieman, Anna Magnani, Bara, caci, Petra Jared, Nabalas, an iron, AYH, Par, Gona, Econah, Cato, Sinas, Arabelle, Diane Lane, Grande-Terre, Faso, Luana, a tine, Vanir, a statfarad, Freeman, Ilocano, Ital, Ludeman, a staidness, End, Donar, Emee, Derain, a rain, Osana, a mare, Nicolle, Saideman, a giron, a botany, Lira, Moira, Malagasy, stamnoi, Tan, a menat, Rowen, Adam Alexi-Malle, Haydn, a str, a blighter, a gamone, Dana, ASS, a bargeman, AID, a craneman, Airedale, Davene, Galle, Skee-Ball, Ewer, a fgn, Aron, a leg, Ducasse, Nevis, Iredale, Mara, Calles, Salene, Danyelle, Kootenay, Caron, a scare, Decadron, a praemunire, katana, Mler, epistases, Neman, Oira, MOIG, Adana, Reni, Adron, a sonar, Eddana, Ima, Lahti, Peter Buneman, a weaponeer, Gallinas, Thestor, a baseman, a deadlight, Ronal, Chane, Mai, Shaitan, Giselle, Holle, Hanoi, Tati, Pace, Darelle, Hasseman, Oita, Sil, a gel, Linares, Ubana, Sat, a rom, a nibbana, Sad, Line, Baer, a bdl, an ordn, a sneer, Gayel, Warrenne, Kennan, an afreet, a gelatin, Urbana, Eri, ATS, a der, Freya, Brenner, a wavelet, a cider, Paolo, Pire, Tayler, a matter, a palace, Danelle, Habana, Marabelle, Smithson, a grub, Anson, a guanosine, Basir, Benares, Abana, Eno, Labana, a cabana, Nona, Bellaire, Tamayo, Nov, Anne, Jane Greer, a caner, a cetane, Naara, Manisha Koirala, Shane, Manat, Terra, BLE, Jameson, Adalai, Nino, Goossens, Seler, a caller, Evadne, guanayes, pilei, Marala, Ehr, Rone, Mana, Sir, Fotinas, Einar, Otis, Ivanah, a ferreter, a male, Daile, Kiki Classen, a vimana, Man, a lyc, Nan, Gine, Basel, Ligeti, Grane, Nadaba, Nine, Leninakan, an initiatress, a mana, Noll, a foreman, Agartala, Vardhamana, Edison, a breadline, Beira, Mallin, a malate, Cana, Aire, Taira, Masson, a redness, ENE, Tucana, Ress, a gallate, Marek, Ames, Ion, AEC, Nat, Pros, Banat, Sims, Ocana, Zen, a bitser, Rana, Ena, Cedalion, a guanay, Tine, Lanai, Shanahan, a lanai, Ram, Margarete, Gene, Gelb, a vie, Ceram, Urana, Maher, a fireman, a dinar, a nobleman, a stableman, a dealer, a mallet, sestinas, a leaner, a campanile, Meiji, Jules Asner, a passer, a care, Mark Manasse, nevi, tis, Nes, Nonah, Tirana, SSE, Nel, Bang, a minaret, Sela, Brana, Ila, grana, Ain, a moc, Lace, Daegal, Lane, Nadler, a mtn, Eire, Panay, Briseis, Pigalle, Rosaleen, a ko-katana, Les, Rotameter, a presser, a caf, a crenelle, Hirasuna, Munniks, Lion, Assen, Ilion, an aegrotat, Set, Tana, Sin, a sultana, Ira, Mosul, an espagnolette, Sion, a sex, Etana, Sian, a lesion, a cit, Car, a tana, Adler, a manometer, an esne, Rhaetian, a damiana, Son, Essene, Vita, retinas, Une, Meter, a wale, Delora, Cannanore, Macnair, Colette, Romagna, Kistner, a payt, a hobnail, a run-on, a piperonal, Atropatene, Gargan, a tgn, a setter, Giana, Ten, Oca, Jareb, Memnon, an omelette, Docilu, Kan, an eraser, an abseil, Liberace, Dael, Siana, Tiana, an overcare, Diana, Ann, an ign, a why'll, Ier, a byre-man, Amanda Foreman, Agni, Sharon Au, a sesame, Tratner, a peteman, a vale, deciduae, Cro-Magnon, an astr, Australiana, Nore, Liana, Six, Etan, an anode, Cammaerts, Riana, Ariana, Nah, Cai, Danny Dolev, Isar, Briana, a novelette, Lana, Can, Ecbatana, Ino, Meade, Calah, Plana, Mur, Alana, Han, a trepan, a haematin, a rationale, deti, Lear, Sinon, an aid, Ninon, an aminase, Itin, Ukr, a ser, a bastite, Pattin, a rattan, an aero, Belle, Hayti, Lib, AET, Arnon, a sei, Tila, Rene, Georglana, Amr, Edo, Tare, Karel, Dan, a lignocaine, Lenoir, Elana, a tile, Messene, Nolana, Sue, a backscatter, a gateman, a mode, protases, a banat, Sine, Ilana, Nil, Svetlana, a meter, a secretness, Idleman, a rooter, a parasol, Lem, Race, Elora, Candless, Jillana, Asser, a cetin, Allana, Ebeneser, an acetin, a retina, Leman, OIt, a c/o, Vernon, a linac, a dresser, a ctn, a raffle, Sabu, a thane, Gerstner, a bimane, Naam, Melan, an asp, Per, a monolater, a cayenne, Kenon, a tenon, a vitellin, a manana, a brev, a missis, Piderit, Nana, a ller, a matin, a rebore, an anat, Cleopatre, Benoit, Adne, Menon, a remit, Tala, Tsiranana, Montagnac, Ire, Manon, an air, a tin, a salami, Nanon, a sere, Velleman, Agna, Mannaean, Ecevit, Canon, Ayr, Reb, Ned, Dorene, Gelasia, Nistru, Frederiksen, a zenana, a beebread, Lan, ASSR, Elle, Stets, bonaci, Med, a canon, a dhikr, a marasca, a sign, a resetter, a placarder, Ferdinana, ETO, Inman, an asci, Teh, Tse, an ana, Sis, a banana, Leah, Caresa, Tanana, Sumy, novenae, Nap, Mace, Len Adleman, a nay, Ara, Natala, globigerinas, a mon, a leman, Vera, Stassen, Evita, Genaro, Donavon, a villein, a delight, Nica, Janik, Fulahs, Komarek, a ter, a canal, Panama!
Monday, December 19, 2016
Sunday, December 18, 2016
Saturday, December 17, 2016
Friday, December 16, 2016
Thursday, December 15, 2016
Wednesday, December 14, 2016
Tuesday, December 13, 2016
Monday, December 12, 2016
Sunday, December 11, 2016
Saturday, December 10, 2016
Friday, December 9, 2016
Thursday, December 8, 2016
How was the speed of light determined and who found it, when?
Although Galileo was the first person of record to try to determine the speed of light, he was not successful. His experiments took place over terrestrial distances and the timing methods available to him were far to crude to make a successful determination given such distances and the very great speed of light.
It was the Danish astronomer, Olaus Rømer , who, in 1676, first successfully measured the speed of light. His method was based on observations of the eclipses of the moons of Jupiter (by Jupiter).
Rømer noted that the observed time interval between successive eclipses of a given moon was about seven minutes greater when the observations were carried out when the earth in its orbit was moving away from Jupiter than when it was moving toward Jupiter. He reasoned that, when the earth was moving away from Jupiter, the observed time between eclipses was increased above the true value (by about 3.5 minutes) due to the extra distance that the light from each successive eclipse had to travel to reach the earth. Conversely, when the earth was moving toward Jupiter, the observed interval between eclipses was decreased (by about 3.5 minutes) because of the decreased distance that the light had to travel on each successive eclipse.
Had the earth not been moving, the light from successive eclipses would have to travel the same distance to the earth, so that the true interval between eclipses would be observed. However, when the earth was moving away from Jupiter, the light had to travel a greater distance to reach the earth from each successive eclipse, and conversely a smaller distance when the earth was moving toward Jupiter. Since the speed of the earth in its orbit was known, the distance that the earth had moved between eclipses could be calculated. The speed of light was then estimated to account for the seven minute overall variation of the observed interval between successive eclipses.
Rømer's estimate for the speed of light was 140,000 miles/second, which is remarkably good (186,282 miles/second) considering the method employed.
It was the Danish astronomer, Olaus Rømer , who, in 1676, first successfully measured the speed of light. His method was based on observations of the eclipses of the moons of Jupiter (by Jupiter).
Rømer noted that the observed time interval between successive eclipses of a given moon was about seven minutes greater when the observations were carried out when the earth in its orbit was moving away from Jupiter than when it was moving toward Jupiter. He reasoned that, when the earth was moving away from Jupiter, the observed time between eclipses was increased above the true value (by about 3.5 minutes) due to the extra distance that the light from each successive eclipse had to travel to reach the earth. Conversely, when the earth was moving toward Jupiter, the observed interval between eclipses was decreased (by about 3.5 minutes) because of the decreased distance that the light had to travel on each successive eclipse.
Had the earth not been moving, the light from successive eclipses would have to travel the same distance to the earth, so that the true interval between eclipses would be observed. However, when the earth was moving away from Jupiter, the light had to travel a greater distance to reach the earth from each successive eclipse, and conversely a smaller distance when the earth was moving toward Jupiter. Since the speed of the earth in its orbit was known, the distance that the earth had moved between eclipses could be calculated. The speed of light was then estimated to account for the seven minute overall variation of the observed interval between successive eclipses.
Rømer's estimate for the speed of light was 140,000 miles/second, which is remarkably good (186,282 miles/second) considering the method employed.
Wednesday, December 7, 2016
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
Monday, December 5, 2016
Dirge Without Music
I am not resigned to the shutting away of loving hearts in the hard ground.
So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.
Lovers and thinkers, into the earth with you.
Be one with the dull, the indiscriminate dust.
A fragment of what you felt, of what you knew,
A formula, a phrase remains,—but the best is lost.
The answers quick and keen, the honest look, the laughter, the love,—
They are gone. They are gone to feed the roses. Elegant and curled
Is the blossom. Fragrant is the blossom. I know. But I do not approve.
More precious was the light in your eyes than all the roses in the world.
Down, down, down into the darkness of the grave
Gently they go, the beautiful, the tender, the kind;
Quietly they go, the intelligent, the witty, the brave.
I know. But I do not approve. And I am not resigned.
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY
So it is, and so it will be, for so it has been, time out of mind:
Into the darkness they go, the wise and the lovely. Crowned
With lilies and with laurel they go; but I am not resigned.
Lovers and thinkers, into the earth with you.
Be one with the dull, the indiscriminate dust.
A fragment of what you felt, of what you knew,
A formula, a phrase remains,—but the best is lost.
The answers quick and keen, the honest look, the laughter, the love,—
They are gone. They are gone to feed the roses. Elegant and curled
Is the blossom. Fragrant is the blossom. I know. But I do not approve.
More precious was the light in your eyes than all the roses in the world.
Down, down, down into the darkness of the grave
Gently they go, the beautiful, the tender, the kind;
Quietly they go, the intelligent, the witty, the brave.
I know. But I do not approve. And I am not resigned.
EDNA ST. VINCENT MILLAY
Sunday, December 4, 2016
Saturday, December 3, 2016
Friday, December 2, 2016
The Fall of Rome - Auden
The piers are pummelled by the waves;
In a lonely field the rain
Lashes an abandoned train;
Outlaws fill the mountain caves.
Fantastic grow the evening gowns;
Agents of the Fisc pursue
Absconding tax-defaulters through
The sewers of provincial towns.
Private rites of magic send
The temple prostitutes to sleep;
All the literati keep
An imaginary friend.
Cerebrotonic Cato may
Extol the Ancient Disciplines,
But the muscle-bound Marines
Mutiny for food and pay.
Caesar’s double-bed is warm
As an unimportant clerk
Writes I DO NOT LIKE MY WORK
On a pink official form.
Unendowed with wealth or pity,
Little birds with scarlet legs,
Sitting on their speckled eggs,
Eye each flu-infected city.
Altogether elsewhere, vast
Herds of reindeer move across
Miles and miles of golden moss,
Silently and very fast.
In a lonely field the rain
Lashes an abandoned train;
Outlaws fill the mountain caves.
Fantastic grow the evening gowns;
Agents of the Fisc pursue
Absconding tax-defaulters through
The sewers of provincial towns.
Private rites of magic send
The temple prostitutes to sleep;
All the literati keep
An imaginary friend.
Cerebrotonic Cato may
Extol the Ancient Disciplines,
But the muscle-bound Marines
Mutiny for food and pay.
Caesar’s double-bed is warm
As an unimportant clerk
Writes I DO NOT LIKE MY WORK
On a pink official form.
Unendowed with wealth or pity,
Little birds with scarlet legs,
Sitting on their speckled eggs,
Eye each flu-infected city.
Altogether elsewhere, vast
Herds of reindeer move across
Miles and miles of golden moss,
Silently and very fast.








